New and arising renewable activity technologies are still beneath development and cover cellulosic ethanol, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy.76 These technologies are not yet broadly approved or accept bound commercialization. Many are on the border and may accept abeyant commensurable to added renewable activity technologies, but still depend on alluring acceptable absorption and research, development and affirmation (RD&D) funding.76
Cellulosic ethanol
See also: Cellulosic booze commercialization
Companies such as Iogen, Broin, and Abengoa are architecture refineries that can action biomass and about-face it into ethanol, while companies such as Diversa, Novozymes, and Dyadic are bearing enzymes which could accredit a cellulosic booze future. The about-face from aliment crop feedstocks to decay residues and built-in grasses offers cogent opportunities for a ambit of players, from farmers to biotechnology firms, and from activity developers to investors.77
Company Location Feedstock
Selected Bartering Cellulosic Booze Plants in the U.S.7879
(Operational or beneath construction) Abengoa Bioenergy Hugoton, KS Wheat straw
BlueFire Booze Irvine, CA Multiple sources
Gulf Coast Activity Mossy Head, FL Wood waste
Mascoma Lansing, MI Wood
POET Emmetsburg, IA Corn cobs
SunOpta Little Falls, MN Wood chips
Xethanol Auburndale, FL Citrus peels
Ocean energy
Systems to autumn utility-scale electrical ability from ocean after-effects accept afresh been accepting drive as a applicable technology. The abeyant for this technology is advised promising, abnormally on west-facing coasts with latitudes amid 40 and 60 degrees:80
In the United Kingdom, for example, the Carbon Trust afresh estimated the admeasurement of the economically applicable adopted ability at 55 TWh per year, about 14% of accepted civic demand. Across Europe, the technologically accessible ability has been estimated to be at atomic 280 TWh per year. In 2003, the U.S. Electric Ability Analysis Institute (EPRI) estimated the applicable ability in the United States at 255 TWh per year (6% of demand).80
Funding for a beachcomber acreage in Scotland was appear in February, 2007 by the Scottish Government, at a amount of over 4 actor pounds, as allotment of a UK£13 actor allotment bales for ocean ability in Scotland. The acreage will be the world's better with a accommodation of 3MW generated by four Pelamis machines.81
The world's aboriginal bartering flat beck architect was installed in 2007 in the anchorage of Strangford Lough in Ireland. The 1.2 megawatt underwater flat electricity generator, allotment of Northern Ireland's Environment & Renewable Activity Fund scheme, takes advantage of the fast flat breeze (up to 4 metres per second) in the lough. Although the architect is able abundant to ability a thousand homes, the agent has basal ecology impact, as it is about absolutely submerged, and the rotors affectation no crisis to wildlife as they about-face absolutely slowly.82
Ocean thermal activity about-face (OTEC) uses the temperature aberration that exists amid abysmal and bank amnion to run a calefaction engine.
Enhanced geothermal systems
Main article: Enhanced geothermal system
Enhanced geothermal arrangement 1:Reservoir 2:Pump abode 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine anteroom 5:Production able-bodied 6:Injection able-bodied 7:Hot baptize to commune heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation able-bodied 10:Crystalline bedrock
Enhanced geothermal systems are a new blazon of geothermal ability technologies that do not crave accustomed convective hydrothermal resources. The all-inclusive majority of geothermal activity aural conduct ability is in dry and non-porous rock.83 EGS technologies "enhance" and/or actualize geothermal assets in this "hot dry bedrock (HDR)" through hydraulic stimulation.
EGS / HDR technologies, like hydrothermal geothermal, are accepted to be baseload assets which aftermath ability 24 hours a day like a deposit plant. Distinct from hydrothermal, HDR / EGS may be achievable anywhere in the world, depending on the bread-and-butter banned of assignment depth. Good locations are over abysmal granite covered by a blubbery (3–5 km) band of careful sediments which apathetic calefaction loss.84
There are HDR and EGS systems currently getting developed and activated in France, Australia, Japan, Germany, the U.S. and Switzerland. The better EGS activity in the apple is a 25 megawatt affirmation bulb currently getting developed in the Cooper Basin, Australia. The Cooper Basin has the abeyant to accomplish 5,000–10,000 MW.
Experimental solar power
Concentrating photovoltaics in Catalonia, Spain
See also: Solar power#Experimental solar power
Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) systems apply sunlight concentrated assimilate photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electricity generation. Thermoelectric, or "thermovoltaic" accessories catechumen a temperature aberration amid antithetical abstracts into an electric current. Space-based solar ability is a abstract architecture for the accumulating of solar ability in space, for use on Earth.
Artificial photosynthesis
Artificial photosynthesis uses techniques cover nanotechnology to abundance solar electromagnetic activity in actinic bonds by agreeable baptize to aftermath hydrogen and again application carbon dioxide to accomplish methanol.85
Cellulosic ethanol
See also: Cellulosic booze commercialization
Companies such as Iogen, Broin, and Abengoa are architecture refineries that can action biomass and about-face it into ethanol, while companies such as Diversa, Novozymes, and Dyadic are bearing enzymes which could accredit a cellulosic booze future. The about-face from aliment crop feedstocks to decay residues and built-in grasses offers cogent opportunities for a ambit of players, from farmers to biotechnology firms, and from activity developers to investors.77
Company Location Feedstock
Selected Bartering Cellulosic Booze Plants in the U.S.7879
(Operational or beneath construction) Abengoa Bioenergy Hugoton, KS Wheat straw
BlueFire Booze Irvine, CA Multiple sources
Gulf Coast Activity Mossy Head, FL Wood waste
Mascoma Lansing, MI Wood
POET Emmetsburg, IA Corn cobs
SunOpta Little Falls, MN Wood chips
Xethanol Auburndale, FL Citrus peels
Ocean energy
Systems to autumn utility-scale electrical ability from ocean after-effects accept afresh been accepting drive as a applicable technology. The abeyant for this technology is advised promising, abnormally on west-facing coasts with latitudes amid 40 and 60 degrees:80
In the United Kingdom, for example, the Carbon Trust afresh estimated the admeasurement of the economically applicable adopted ability at 55 TWh per year, about 14% of accepted civic demand. Across Europe, the technologically accessible ability has been estimated to be at atomic 280 TWh per year. In 2003, the U.S. Electric Ability Analysis Institute (EPRI) estimated the applicable ability in the United States at 255 TWh per year (6% of demand).80
Funding for a beachcomber acreage in Scotland was appear in February, 2007 by the Scottish Government, at a amount of over 4 actor pounds, as allotment of a UK£13 actor allotment bales for ocean ability in Scotland. The acreage will be the world's better with a accommodation of 3MW generated by four Pelamis machines.81
The world's aboriginal bartering flat beck architect was installed in 2007 in the anchorage of Strangford Lough in Ireland. The 1.2 megawatt underwater flat electricity generator, allotment of Northern Ireland's Environment & Renewable Activity Fund scheme, takes advantage of the fast flat breeze (up to 4 metres per second) in the lough. Although the architect is able abundant to ability a thousand homes, the agent has basal ecology impact, as it is about absolutely submerged, and the rotors affectation no crisis to wildlife as they about-face absolutely slowly.82
Ocean thermal activity about-face (OTEC) uses the temperature aberration that exists amid abysmal and bank amnion to run a calefaction engine.
Enhanced geothermal systems
Main article: Enhanced geothermal system
Enhanced geothermal arrangement 1:Reservoir 2:Pump abode 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine anteroom 5:Production able-bodied 6:Injection able-bodied 7:Hot baptize to commune heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation able-bodied 10:Crystalline bedrock
Enhanced geothermal systems are a new blazon of geothermal ability technologies that do not crave accustomed convective hydrothermal resources. The all-inclusive majority of geothermal activity aural conduct ability is in dry and non-porous rock.83 EGS technologies "enhance" and/or actualize geothermal assets in this "hot dry bedrock (HDR)" through hydraulic stimulation.
EGS / HDR technologies, like hydrothermal geothermal, are accepted to be baseload assets which aftermath ability 24 hours a day like a deposit plant. Distinct from hydrothermal, HDR / EGS may be achievable anywhere in the world, depending on the bread-and-butter banned of assignment depth. Good locations are over abysmal granite covered by a blubbery (3–5 km) band of careful sediments which apathetic calefaction loss.84
There are HDR and EGS systems currently getting developed and activated in France, Australia, Japan, Germany, the U.S. and Switzerland. The better EGS activity in the apple is a 25 megawatt affirmation bulb currently getting developed in the Cooper Basin, Australia. The Cooper Basin has the abeyant to accomplish 5,000–10,000 MW.
Experimental solar power
Concentrating photovoltaics in Catalonia, Spain
See also: Solar power#Experimental solar power
Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) systems apply sunlight concentrated assimilate photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electricity generation. Thermoelectric, or "thermovoltaic" accessories catechumen a temperature aberration amid antithetical abstracts into an electric current. Space-based solar ability is a abstract architecture for the accumulating of solar ability in space, for use on Earth.
Artificial photosynthesis
Artificial photosynthesis uses techniques cover nanotechnology to abundance solar electromagnetic activity in actinic bonds by agreeable baptize to aftermath hydrogen and again application carbon dioxide to accomplish methanol.85
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